Wife - Wikipedia

A wife is a female in a marital relationship. A woman who has separated from her partner continues to be a wife until the marriage is legally dissolved with ... Wife FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Femalespouse;womanwhoismarried Forotheruses,seeWife(disambiguation). TheMerchant'sWife(1918)byBorisKustodiev Relationships(Outline) Types Geneticoradoptive Kinship Family Parent father mother Grandparent Sibling Cousin Bymarriage Spouse Husband Wife Openmarriage Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Groupmarriage Mixed-orientation Partner(s) Significantother Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same-sex Lifepartner Friendship (romantic/cross-sex/zone) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutualmonogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Bachelor'sDay Mating Meetmarket Romance Singlesevent Wedding Endings Breakup Legal/maritalseparation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotionsandfeelings Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic Unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices Brideprice dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexualactivity Transgression Repression Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissisticparent Powerandcontrol Stalking vte Awifeisafemaleinamaritalrelationship.Awomanwhohasseparatedfromherpartnercontinuestobeawifeuntilthemarriageislegallydissolvedwithadivorcejudgement.Onthedeathofherpartner,awifeisreferredtoasawidow.Therightsandobligationsofawifeinrelationtoherpartnerandherstatusinthecommunityandinlawvarybetweenculturesandhavevariedovertime. Contents 1Summary/Etymology 2Relatedterminology 3Terminationofthestatusofawife 4Legalrightsofthewife 5Exchangesofgoodsormoney 6Changingofnameuponmarriage 7Childbearing 8Differencesincultures 8.1Antiquity 8.2Westerncultures 8.2.1Historicalstatus 8.2.2Contemporarystatus 8.3Asiacultures 8.3.1Hinduism 8.3.2BuddhismandChinesefolkreligions 8.3.3Japan 9WifeinAbrahamicreligions 9.1WifeinChristianity 9.2WifeinIslam 9.3WifeinJudaism 9.3.1RabbinicJudaism 9.3.2HebrewBible 10Expectationoffidelityandviolencerelatedtoadultery 11Seealso 12References Summary/Etymology[edit] Awhitegoldweddingringandasingle-diamond,gold-bandedengagementring.Inmanycultures,wivesshowtheirmaritalstatusthroughvarioussymbols. ThewordisofGermanicorigin,fromProto-Germanic*wībam,"woman".InMiddleEnglishithadtheformwif,andinOldEnglishwīf,"womanorwife".ItisrelatedtoModernGermanWeib(woman,female),[1]andDanishviv(wife,usuallypoetic);Theoriginalmeaningofthephrase"wife"assimply"woman",unconnectedwithmarriageorahusband/wife,ispreservedinwordssuchas"midwife","goodwife","fishwife"and"spaewife". Inmanycultures,marriageisgenerallyexpectedthatawomanwilltakeherhusband'ssurname,thoughthatisnotuniversal.Amarriedwomanmayindicatehermaritalstatusinanumberofways:inWesterncultureamarriedwomanwouldcommonlywearaweddingringbutinotherculturesothermarkersofmaritalstatusmaybeused.Amarriedwomaniscommonlygiventhehonorifictitle"Mrs",butsomemarriedwomenprefertobereferredtoas"Ms",atitlewhichisalsousedbypreferenceorwhenthemaritalstatusofawomanisunknown. Relatedterminology[edit] AyoungbrideatherNikah. Awomanonherweddingdayisusuallydescribedasabride,evenaftertheweddingceremony,whilebeingdescribedasawifeisalsoappropriateaftertheweddingorafterthehoneymoon.Ifsheismarryingaman,herpartnerisknownasthebridegroomduringthewedding,andwithinthemarriageiscalledherhusband. Intheoldercustom,stillfollowed,e.g.,byRomanCatholicritual,thewordbrideactuallymeansfiancéeandappliesuptotheexchangeofmatrimonialconsent(theactualmarriageact);fromthenon,evenwhiletherestoftheveryceremonyisongoing,thewomanisawife,andnolongerabride,andthebridalcoupleisnolongerreferredtoassuchbutasthenewlywedcouple. "Wife"referstotheinstitutionalizedrelationtotheotherspouse,unlikemother,atermthatputsawomanintothecontextofherchildren.Insomesocieties,especiallyhistorically,aconcubinewasawomanwhowasinanongoing,usuallymatrimoniallyorientedrelationshipwithamanwhocouldnotbemarriedtoher,oftenbecauseofadifferenceinsocialstatus. Thetermwifeismostcommonlyappliedtoawomaninaunionsanctionedbylaw(includingreligiouslaw),nottoawomaninaninformalcohabitationrelationship,whichmaybeknownasagirlfriend,partner,cohabitant,significantother,concubine,mistressetc.However,awomaninaso-calledcommonlawmarriagemaydescribeherselfasacommonlawwife,defactowife,orsimplyawife.Thoseseekingtoadvancegenderneutralitymayrefertobothmarriagepartnersas"spouses",andmanycountriesandsocietiesarerewordingtheirstatutelawbyreplacing"wife"and"husband"with"spouse".Aformerwifewhosespouseisdeceasedisawidow. Terminationofthestatusofawife[edit] Thestatusofawifemaybeterminatedbydivorce,annulment,orthedeathofaspouse.Inthecaseofdivorce,terminologysuchasformer-wifeorex-wifeisoftenused.Withregardtoannulment,suchtermsarenot,strictlyspeaking,correct,becauseannulment,unlikedivorce,isusuallyretroactive,meaningthatanannulledmarriageisconsideredtobeinvalidfromthebeginningalmostasifithadnevertakenplace.Inthecaseofthedeathoftheotherspouse,thetermusediswidow.Thesocialstatusofsuchwomenvariesbyculture,butinsomeplaces,theymaybesubjecttopotentiallyharmfulpractices,suchaswidowinheritanceorleviratemarriage;ordivorcedwomenmaybesociallystigmatized.[2]Insomecultures,theterminationofthestatusofwifemadelifeitselfmeaningless,asinthecaseofthoseculturesthatpracticedsati,afuneralritualwithinsomeAsiancommunities,inwhicharecentlywidowedwomancommittedsuicidebyfire,typicallyonthehusband'sfuneralpyre. Legalrightsofthewife[edit] Furtherinformation:CovertureandMaritalpower Thelegalrightsofawifehavebeensincethe19thcentury,andstillare,inmanyjurisdictionssubjecttodebate.ThissubjectwasinparticularaddressedbyJohnStuartMill,inTheSubjectionofWomen(1869).Historically,manysocietieshavegivensetsofrightsandobligationstohusbandsthathavebeenverydifferentfromthesetsofrightsandobligationsgiventowives.Inparticular,thecontrolofmaritalproperty,inheritancerights,andtherighttodictatetheactivitiesofchildrenofthemarriage,havetypicallybeengiventomalemaritalpartners.However,thispracticewascurtailedtoagreatdealinmanycountriesinthetwentiethcentury,andmoremodernstatutestendtodefinetherightsanddutiesofaspousewithoutreferencetogender.AmongthelastEuropeancountriestoestablishfullgenderequalityinmarriagewereSwitzerland,[3]Greece,[4]Spain,[5]andFrance[6]inthe1980s.Invariousmarriagelawsaroundtheworld,however,thehusbandcontinuestohaveauthority;forinstancetheCivilCodeofIranstatesatArticle1105:"Inrelationsbetweenhusbandandwife;thepositionoftheheadofthefamilyistheexclusiverightofthehusband".[7] Exchangesofgoodsormoney[edit] Atraditional,formalpresentationofthebridepriceataThaiengagementceremony. Traditionally,andstillinsomepartsoftheworld,thebrideorherfamilybringherhusbandadowry,orthehusbandorhisfamilypayabridepricetothebride'sfamily,orbothareexchangedbetweenthefamilies;orthehusbandpaysthewifeadower.Thepurposeofthedowryvariesbycultureandhasvariedhistorically.Insomecultures,itwaspaidnotonlytosupporttheestablishmentofanewfamily,butalsoservedasaconditionthatifthehusbandcommittedgraveoffensesuponhiswife,thedowryhadtobereturnedtothewifeorherfamily;butduringthemarriage,thedowrywasoftenmadeinalienablebythehusband.[8]Today,dowriescontinuetobeexpectedinpartsofSouthAsiasuchasIndia,Pakistan,Nepal,Bangladesh,andSriLanka,andconflictsrelatedtotheirpaymentsometimesresultinviolencesuchasdowrydeathsandbrideburning. Changingofnameuponmarriage[edit] Mainarticle:Maidenandmarriednames Insomecultures,particularlyintheAnglophoneWest,wivesoftenchangetheirsurnamestothatofthehusbandupongettingmarried.Forsome,thisisacontroversialpractice,duetoitstietothehistoricaldoctrineofcovertureandtothehistoricallysubordinatedrolesofwives.Othersarguethattodaythisismerelyaharmlesstraditionthatshouldbeacceptedasafreechoice.[9]Somejurisdictionsconsiderthispracticeasdiscriminatoryandcontrarytowomen'srights,andhaverestrictedorbannedit;forexample,since1983,whenGreeceadoptedanewmarriagelawwhichguaranteedgenderequalitybetweenthespouses,[10]womeninGreecearerequiredtokeeptheirbirthnamesfortheirwholelife.[11] Childbearing[edit] Percentageofbirthstounmarriedwomen,selectedcountries,1980and2007.[12] Traditionally,andstillinmanycultures,theroleofawifewascloselytiedtothatofamother,byastrongexpectationthatawifeoughttobearchildren,while,conversely,anunmarriedwomanshouldnothaveachildoutofwedlock.Theseviewshavechangedinmanypartsoftheworld.Childrenbornoutsidemarriagehavebecomemorecommoninmanycountries.[13][14] AlthoughsomewivesinparticularinWesterncountrieschoosenottohavechildren,suchachoiceisnotacceptedinsomepartsoftheworld.InnorthernGhana,forexample,thepaymentofbridepricesignifiesawoman'srequirementtobearchildren,andwomenusingbirthcontrolareatriskofthreatsandcoercion.[15]Inaddition,somereligionsareinterpretedasrequiringchildreninmarriage;forinstancePopeFrancissaidin2015thatchoosingnottohavechildrenwas"selfish".[16] Differencesincultures[edit] ThevariousdivisionsofthefollowingchapterssharethepreviousterminologyinEnglishlanguage,notwithstandingreligiousandcultural,butalsocustomarydifferences. Antiquity[edit] Seusoandhiswife Manytraditionslikeadower,dowryandbridepricehavelongtraditionsinantiquity.Theexchangeofanyitemorvaluegoesbacktotheoldestsources,andtheweddingringlikewisewasalwaysusedasasymbolforkeepingfaithtoaperson. Westerncultures[edit] Historicalstatus[edit] InancientRome,TheEmperorAugustusintroducedmarriagelegislation,theLexPapiaPoppaea,whichrewardedmarriageandchildbearing.Thelegislationalsoimposedpenaltiesonyoungpersonswhofailedtomarryandonthosewhocommittedadultery.Therefore,marriageandchildbearingwasmadelawbetweentheagesoftwenty-fiveandsixtyformen,andtwentyandfiftyforwomen.[17]WomenwhowereVestalsVirgins,wereselectedbetweentheagesof6and10toserveaspriestessesinthetempleofgoddessVestaintheRomanForumfor30yearsafterwhichtimetheycouldmarry.[18]Noblewomenwereknowntomarryasyoungas12yearsofage,[19]whereaswomeninthelowerclassesweremorelikelytomarryslightlyfurtherintotheirteenageyears.[20][21]AncientRomanlawrequiredbridestobeatleast12yearsold,astandardadoptedbyRomanCatholiccanonlaw.InancientRomanlaw,firstmarriagestobridesaged12–25requiredtheconsentofthebrideandherfather,butbythelateantiqueperiodRomanlawpermittedwomenover25tomarrywithoutparentalconsent.[22]Thefatherhadtherightanddutytoseekagoodandusefulmatchforhischildren,andmightarrangeachild'sbetrothallongbeforeheorshecameofage.[23]Tofurthertheinterestsoftheirbirthfamilies,daughtersoftheelitewouldmarryintorespectablefamilies.[24]Ifadaughtercouldprovetheproposedhusbandtobeofbadcharacter,shecouldlegitimatelyrefusethematch.[25]Theageoflawfulconsenttoamarriagewas12formaidensand14foryouths.[26]Inlateantiquity,MostRomanwomenseemtohavemarriedintheirlateteenstoearlytwenties,butnoblewomenmarriedyoungerthanthoseofthelowerclasses,andanaristocraticmaidenwasexpectedtobevirginuntilherfirstmarriage.[27]Inlateantiquity,underRomanlaw,daughtersinheritedequallyfromtheirparentsifnowillwasproduced.[28]Inaddition,Romanlawrecognizedwives'propertyaslegallyseparatefromhusbands'sproperty,[29]asdidsomelegalsystemsinpartsofEuropeandcolonialLatinAmerica. ChristianculturesclaimtobeguidedbytheNewTestamentinregardtotheirviewonthepositionofawifeinsocietyaswellashermarriage.TheNewTestamentcondemnsdivorceforbothmenandwomen(1Cor7:10–11),andassumesmonogamyonthepartofthehusband:thewifeistohaveher"own"husband,andthehusbandistohavehis"own"wife(1Cor7:2).Inthemedievalperiod,thiswasunderstoodtomeanthatawifeshouldnotshareahusbandwithotherwives.Asaresult,divorcewasrelativelyuncommoninthepre-modernWest,particularlyinthemedievalandearlymodernperiod,andhusbandsintheRoman,latermedievalandearlymodernperioddidnotpubliclytakemorethanonewife. Inpre-moderntimes,itwasunusualtomarryforlovealone,[30]althoughitbecameanidealinliteraturebytheearlymodernperiod.[31]Inthe12thcentury,theRomanCatholicChurchdrasticallychangedlegalstandardsformaritalconsentbyallowingdaughtersover12andsonsover14tomarrywithouttheirparents'approval,eveniftheirmarriagewasmadeclandestinely.[32]Parishstudieshaveconfirmedthatlatemedievalwomendidsometimesmarryagainsttheirparents'approval.[33]TheRomanCatholicChurch'spolicyofconsideringclandestinemarriagesandmarriagesmadewithoutparentalconsenttobevalidwascontroversial,andinthe16thcenturyboththeFrenchmonarchyandtheLutheranchurchsoughttoendthesepractices,withlimitedsuccess.[34] TheNewTestamentmadenopronouncementsaboutwives'propertyrights,whichinpracticewereinfluencedmorebysecularlawsthanreligion.Mostinfluentialinthepre-modernWestwasthecivillaw,exceptinEnglish-speakingcountrieswhereEnglishcommonlawemergedintheHighMiddleAges.Inaddition,localcustomarylawinfluencedwives'propertyrights;asaresultwives'propertyrightsinthepre-modernWestvariedwidelyfromregiontoregion.Becausewives'propertyrightsanddaughters'inheritancerightsvariedwidelyfromregiontoregionduetodifferinglegalsystems,theamountofpropertyawifemightownvariedgreatly.UndertheEnglishcommonlawsystem,whichdatestothelatermedievalperiod,daughtersandyoungersonswereusuallyexcludedfromlandedpropertyifnowillwasproduced.UnderEnglishcommonlaw,therewasasystemwhereawifewithalivinghusband("femecouvert")couldownlittlepropertyinherownname.[35]Unabletoeasilysupportherself,marriagewasveryimportanttomostwomen'seconomicstatus.Thisproblemhasbeendealtwithextensivelyinliterature,wherethemostimportantreasonforwomen'slimitedpowerwasthedenialofequaleducationandequalpropertyrightsforfemales.[36]ThesituationwasassessedbytheEnglishconservativemoralistSirWilliamBlackstone:"Thehusbandandwifeareone,andthehusbandistheone."[37]Marriedwomen'spropertyrightsintheEnglish-speakingworldimprovedwiththeMarriedWomen'sPropertyAct1882andsimilarlegalchanges,whichallowedwiveswithlivinghusbandstoownpropertyintheirownnames.Untillateinthe20thcentury,womencouldinsomeregionsortimessueamanforwreathmoneywhenhetookhervirginitywithouttakingherashiswife.[38] Ifawomandidnotwanttomarry,anotheroptionwasenteringaconventasanun.[39]tobecomea"brideofChrist",[40]astateinwhichherchastityandeconomicsurvivalwouldbeprotected.[40][41]BothawifeandanunworeChristianheadcovering,whichproclaimedtheirstateofprotectionbytherightsofmarriage.[42]Muchmoresignificantthantheoptionofbecominganun,wastheoptionofnon-religiousspinsterhoodintheWest.Anunmarriedwoman,afemesole,hadtherighttoownpropertyandmakecontractsinherownname.AsfirstdemonstratedquantitativelybyJohnHajnal,inthe19thandearly20thcenturiesthepercentageofnon-clericalWesternwomenwhonevermarriedwastypicallyashighas10–15%,aprevalenceoffemalecelibacyneveryetdocumentedforanyothermajortraditionalcivilization.[43]Inaddition,earlymodernWesternwomenmarriedatquitehighages(typicallymidtolate20s)relativetoothermajortraditionalcultures.ThehighageatfirstmarriageforWesternwomenhasbeenshownbymanyparishreconstructionstudiestobeatraditionalWesternmarriagepatternthatdatesbackatleastasearlyasthemid-16thcentury.[44] Contemporarystatus[edit] Inthe20thcentury,theroleofthewifeinWesternmarriagechangedintwomajorways;thefirstwasthebreakthroughfroman"institutiontocompanionatemarriage";[45]forthefirsttimesincetheMiddleAges,wivesbecamedistinctlegalentities,andwereallowedtheirownpropertyandallowedtosue.Untilthen,partnerswereasinglelegalentity,butonlyahusbandwasallowedtoexercisethisright,calledcoverture.Thesecondchangewasthedrasticalterationofmiddleandupper-classfamilylife,wheninthe1960sthesewivesbegantoworkoutsidetheirhome,andwiththesocialacceptanceofdivorcesthesingle-parentfamily,andstepfamilyor"blendedfamily"asamore"individualizedmarriage".[46] Today,somewomenmaywearaweddingringinordertoshowherstatusasawife.[47] InWesterncountriestoday,marriedwomenusuallyhaveaneducation,aprofessionandthey(ortheirhusbands)cantaketimeofffromtheirworkinalegallyprocuredsystemofante-natalcare,statutorymaternityleave,andtheymaygetmaternitypayoramaternityallowance.[48]Thestatusofmarriage,asopposedtounmarriedpregnantwomen,allowsthespousetoberesponsibleforthechild,andtospeakonbehalfoftheirwife;apartnerisalsoresponsibleforthewife'schildinstateswheretheyareautomaticallyassumedtobethebiologicallegalparent.[49]Viceversa,awifehasmorelegalauthorityinsomecaseswhenshespeaksonbehalfofaspousethanshewouldhaveiftheywerenotmarried,e.g.whenherspouseisinacomaafteranaccident,awifemayhavetherightofadvocacy.[50]Iftheydivorce,shealsomightreceive—orpay—alimony(seeLawanddivorcearoundtheworld). Asiacultures[edit] Hinduism[edit] 16th-centurySamuraiToyotomiHideyoshisittingwithhiswivesandconcubines. InIndo-Aryanlanguages,awifeisknownasPatni,whichmeansawomanwhoshareseverythinginthisworldwithherhusbandandhedoesthesame,includingtheiridentity.Decisionsareideallymadeinmutualconsent.Awifeusuallytakescareofanythinginsideherhousehold,includingthefamily'shealth,thechildren'seducation,aparent'sneeds. ThemajorityofHindumarriagesinruralandtraditionalIndiaarearrangedmarriages.Oncetheyfindasuitablefamily(familyofsamecaste,cultureandfinancialstatus),theboyandthegirlseeandtalktoeachothertodecidethefinaloutcome.Inrecenttimeshoweverthewesternculturehashadsignificantinfluenceandthenewgenerationsaremoreopentotheideaofmarryingforlove. Indianlawhasrecognizedrape,sexual,emotionalorverbalabuseofawomanbyherhusbandascrimes. InHinduism,awifeisknownasaPatniorArdhangini(similarto"thebetterhalf")meaningapartofthehusbandorhisfamily.InHinduism,awomanormancangetmarried,butonlyhaveonehusbandorwiferespectively. InIndia,womenmaywearvermillionpowderontheirforeheads,anornamentcalledMangalsutra(Hindi:मंगलसूत्र)whichisaformofnecklace,orringsontheirtoes(whicharenotwornbysinglewomen)toshowtheirstatusasmarriedwomen. BuddhismandChinesefolkreligions[edit] China'sfamilylawswerechangedbytheCommunistrevolution;andin1950,thePeople'sRepublicofChinaenactedacomprehensivemarriagelawincludingprovisionsgivingthespousesequalrightswithregardtoownershipandmanagementofmaritalproperty.[51] Japan[edit] InJapan,beforeenactmentoftheMeijiCivilCodeof1898,allofthewoman'spropertysuchaslandormoneypassedtoherhusbandexceptforpersonalclothingandamirrorstand.[52]SeeWomeninJapan,LawofJapan WifeinAbrahamicreligions[edit] WifeinChristianity[edit] Christianmarriageistobebetweenonewoman(adultfemale)andoneman(adultmale)andthatGodHimselfjoinedthemandthatnohumanistoseparatethem,accordingtoChrist(Matthew19:4-6).TheHolyNewTestamentstatesthatanunmarriedChristianwomanistocelibateoristobecometheChristianwifeofonehusbandtoavoidsexualimmoralityandforsexualpassion(1Cor7:1-2&8-9).HolyNewTestamentpermitsdivorceofaChristianwifebyaChristianhusbandonlyifshehascommittedadultery(Matthew5:32).TheHolyNewTestamentallowsaChristianwidowto(re)marryamanshechooses(1Cor7:39)butforbidsadivorcedChristianwomanto(re)marryamanbecauseshewouldbecommittingadulteryifshedid(Matthew5:32),sheistoremainunmarriedandcelibateorbereconciledwithherhusband(1Cor7:1-2&8-9and1Cor7:10-11).AChristianwifecandivorceanon-Christianhusbandifhewantsadivorce(1Cor7:12-16).ChristianhusbandsaretolovetheirChristianwivesasChristlovedtheChurch(Ephesians5:25)andasheloveshimself(Ephesian5:33).TheChristianwifeistorespectherhusband(Ephesians5:33).ChristianhusbandsaretonotbeharshwiththeirChristianwives(Colossians3:19)andtotreatthemasadelicatevesselandwithhonor(1Peter3:7). WifeinIslam[edit] WomeninIslamhavearangeofrightsandobligations(seemainarticleRightsandobligationsofspousesinIslam).Marriagetakesplaceonthebasisofamarriagecontract.Thearrangedmarriageisrelativelycommonintraditionalistfamilies,whetherinMuslimcountriesorasfirstorsecondgenerationimmigrantselsewhere. Womeningeneralaresupposedtowearspecificclothes,asstatedbythehadith,likethehijab,whichmaytakedifferentstylesdependingonthecultureofthecountry,wheretraditionsmayseepin.[Quran 24:31][Quran 33:59][53]Thehusbandmustpayamahrtothebride.[54] Traditionally,thewifeinIslamisseenasaprotected,chastepersonthatmanagesthehouseholdandthefamily.ShehastheeverimportantroleofraisingthechildrenandbringingupthenextgenerationofMuslims.InIslam,itishighlyrecommendedthatthewiferemainsathomealthoughtheyarefullyabletoownpropertyorwork.Thehusbandisobligatedtospendonthewifeforallofherneedswhilesheisnotobligatedtospendevenifsheiswealthy.MuhammadissaidtohavecommandedallMuslimmentotreattheirwiveswell.ThereisaHadithbyAl-Tirmidhi,inwhichMuhammadissaidtohavestated"Thebelieverswhoshowthemostperfectfaitharethosewhohavethebestcharacterandthebestofyouarethosewhoarebesttotheirwives."[55] Traditionally,Muslimmarriedwomenarenotdistinguishedfromunmarriedwomenbyanoutwardsymbol(suchasaweddingring).However,women'sweddingringshaverecentlybeenadoptedinthepastthirtyyearsfromtheWesternculture.[56] WifeinJudaism[edit] RabbinicJudaism[edit] KingSolomonwith3ofhismanywives.Illustratedin1668byGiovanniVenanzidiPesaro.AccordingtoBiblicalaccount,Solomonhadanobsessionwithwomenandfellinlovewithmany. WomeninJudaismhavearangeofrightsandobligations(seemainarticleJewishviewsonmarriage).MarriagetakesplaceonthebasisofaJewishmarriagecontract,calledaKetubah.Thereisablurofarrangedmarriagesandlovemarriagesintraditionalfamilies. Marriedwomen,intraditionalfamilies,wearspecificclothes,likethetichel. HebrewBible[edit] Once,amancalledShechem,aHivite,offeredadowrytogetanIsraelitewife,butwasrejected,sincehewasnotanIsraelitehimself.Genesis34 InancienttimestherewereIsraelitewomenwhowereJudge,Queenregnant,Queenregent,Queenmother,Queenconsort,andProphetess: DeborahwasthewifeofanIsraelitemanwhosenamewasLapidoth,whichmeans"torches."DeborahwasaJudgeandaProphetess.[57] EstherwastheJewishwifeofaPersianKingnamedAhasuerus.EstherwasQueenconsorttotheKingofPersiaandatthesametimeshewasQueenregnantoftheJewishpeopleinPersiaandtheirProphetess.[58][59] BathshebawastheQueenconsortofKing-ProphetDavidandthentheQueenmotherofKing-ProphetSolomon.Herosefromhisthronewhensheenteredandbowedtoherandorderedthatathronebebroughtandhehadhersitathisrighthand,whichisinstarkcontrasttowhenshewasQueenconsortandbowedtoKing-ProphetDavidwhensheentered.[60]ProphetJeremiahportraysaQueenmotherassharinginherson’sruleoverthekingdominJeremiah13:18-20. ThewifeofProphetIsaiahwasaProphetess.Isaiah8:3 Expectationoffidelityandviolencerelatedtoadultery[edit] Incawomanandmantobestonedforadultery,byHuamánPoma Mainarticle:Adultery Furtherinformation:Honorkilling,Stoning,andCrimeofpassion Thereisawidelyheldexpectation,whichhasexistedformostofrecordedhistoryandinmostcultures,thatawifeisnottohavesexualrelationswithanyoneotherthanherlegalhusband.Abreachofthisexpectationoffidelityiscommonlyreferredtoasadulteryorextramaritalsex.Historically,adulteryhasbeenconsideredtobeaseriousoffense,sometimesacrime,andasin.Evenifthatisnotso,itmaystillhavelegalconsequences,particularlyasagroundforadivorce.Adulterymaybeafactortoconsiderinapropertysettlement,itmayaffectthestatusofchildren,thecustodyofchildren;moreover,adulterycanresultinsocialostracisminsomepartsoftheworld.Inaddition,affinityrulesofCatholicism,ofJudaismandofIslamprohibitanex-wifeorwidowfromengaginginsexualrelationswithandfrommarryinganumberofrelativesoftheformerhusband. Inpartsoftheworld,adulterymayresultinviolentacts,suchashonorkillingsorstoning.Somejurisdictions,especiallythosethatapplySharialaw,allowforsuchactstotakeplacelegally.[citationneeded] AsofSeptember2010,stoningisalegalpunishmentincountriessuchasSaudiArabia,Sudan,Iran,Yemen,theUnitedArabEmirates,andsomestatesinNigeria[61]aspunishmentforzinaal-mohsena("adulteryofmarriedpersons").[62] Seealso[edit] LookupwifeinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Wife Bridekidnapping Fiancée Husband Marriage Personalpropertyormovableproperty Wifeacceptancefactor Wifeselling References[edit] ^Etymologyof"Weib"(brokenlinktoaunipersonalaccount) ^"India'sinvisiblewidows,divorceesandsinglewomen".BBCNews. ^In1985,areferendumguaranteedwomenlegalequalitywithmenwithinmarriage.[1][2]ThenewreformscameintoforceinJanuary1988.Women'smovementsoftheworld:aninternationaldirectoryandreferenceguide,editedbySallyShreir,p.254 ^In1983,legislationwaspassedguaranteeingequalitybetweenspouses,abolishingdowry,andendinglegaldiscriminationagainstillegitimatechildren[3]Demos,Vasilikie.(2007)“TheIntersectionofGender,ClassandNationalityandtheAgencyofKytherianGreekWomen.”PaperpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociation.August11. ^In1981,Spainabolishedtherequirementthatmarriedwomenmusthavetheirhusbands’permissiontoinitiatejudicialproceedings"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2014-08-24.Retrieved2014-08-25.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^AlthoughmarriedwomeninFranceobtainedtherighttoworkwithouttheirhusbands'permissionin1965,"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2016-03-04.Retrieved2016-04-03.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link)andthepaternalauthorityofamanoverhisfamilywasendedin1970(beforethatparentalresponsibilitiesbelongedtothefatherwhomadealllegaldecisionsconcerningthechildren),itwasonlyin1985thatalegalreformabolishedthestipulationthatthehusbandhadthesolepowertoadministerthechildren'sproperty.[4] ^"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2017-03-11.Retrieved2017-10-23.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Britannica2005,dowry ^"Whyshouldwomenchangetheirnamesongettingmarried?".BBCNews. ^Reuters(26January1983)."AROUNDTHEWORLD;GreeceApprovesFamilyLawChanges".Retrieved2May2017–viaNYTimes.com. ^HeatherLong."Shouldwomenchangetheirnamesaftermarriage?AskaGreekwoman-HeatherLong".theGuardian. ^"ChangingPatternsofNonmaritalChildbearingintheUnitedStates".CDC/NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.May13,2009.RetrievedSeptember24,2011. ^"Out-of-WedlockBirthsRiseWorldwide|YaleGlobalOnline".yaleglobal.yale.edu.Retrieved2020-01-22. ^OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment."SF2.4:Shareofbirthsoutsideofmarriage"(PDF).OECDFamilyDatabase.Retrieved22January2020. ^Bawah,AyagaAgula;Akweongo,Patricia;Simmons,Ruth;Phillips,JamesF.(1999)."Women'sfearsandmen'sanxieties:theimpactoffamilyplanningongenderrelationsinNorthernGhana".StudiesinFamilyPlanning.WileyonbehalfofthePopulationCouncil.30(1):54–66.doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x.hdl:2027.42/73927.PMID 10216896.Pdf. ^StephanieKirchgaessner."PopeFrancis:nothavingchildrenisselfish".theGuardian. ^MaryT.Boatwright,DanielJ.Gargola,NoelLenski,RichardJ.A.Talbert,"ABriefHistoryofTheRomans"(OxfordUniversityPress;2edition,2013),p.176. ^Mark,Joshua."VestalVirgin".AncientHistory. ^BerylRawson,"TheRomanFamilyinItaly"(OxfordUniversityPress,1999),p.21. ^JudithP.Hallett,FathersandDaughtersinRomanSociety:WomenandtheEliteFamily(PrincetonUniversityPress,1984),142. ^Lauren,Caldwell,"RomanGirlhoodandtheFashioningofFemininity"(CambridgeUniversityPress,2014),pp.3–4. ^AntiArjava,WomenandLawinLateAntiquityOxford,1996,pp.29–37. ^Frier,ACasebookonRomanFamilyLaw,p.66. ^BerylRawson,"TheRomanFamily,"inTheFamilyinAncientRome:NewPerspectives(CornellUniversityPress,1986),p.21. ^BerylRawson,"TheRomanFamily,"inTheFamilyinAncientRome:NewPerspectives(CornellUniversityPress,1986),p.21. ^BerylRawson,"TheRomanFamilyinItaly"(OxfordUniversityPress,1999),p.21. ^JudithP.Hallett,FathersandDaughtersinRomanSociety:WomenandtheEliteFamily(PrincetonUniversityPress,1984),142. ^AnttiArjava,WomenandlawinlateantiquityOxford,1996,p.63 ^A.Arjava,WomenandlawinlateantiquityOxford,1996,133-154. ^WilliamC.Horne,Makingaheavenofhell:theproblemofthecompanionateidealinEnglishmarriage,poetry,1650–1800Athens(Georgia),1993 ^FrancesBurney,Evelina,Lowndes1778,andSeeber,EnglishLiteraryHistoryoftheEighteenthCentury,Weimar1999 ^JohnNoonan,"ThePowertoChoose"Viator4(1973)419–34. ^J.Sheehan,"TheformationandstabilityofmarriageinfourteenthcenturyEngland"MedievalStudies33(1971)228–63. ^BeatriceGottlieb,ThefamilyintheWesternWorldfromtheBlackDeathtotheIndustrialAgeOxford,1993,pp.55–56. ^ElizabethM.Craik,Marriageandproperty,Aberdeen1984 ^Inthe18thand19thcenturies,whichcontainedmuchcriticismofthesefacts,seealsoMaryWollstonecraft,AVindicationoftheRightsofWomen,Boston1792 ^WilliamBlackstone,CommentariesupontheLawsofEngland ^Brockhaus2004,Kranzgeld. ^Thoughcloisters'practiceswerenotboundbymodernnationalborders,seesourcesforSpain,forItaly,andforBritain ^ab"TheWhiteVeil".jesus-messiah.com.Retrieved2May2017. ^"CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA:Cloister".newadvent.org. ^SilviaEvangelisti,Wives,Widows,AndBridesOfChrist:MarriageAndTheConventInTheHistoriographyOfEarlyModernItaly,Cambridge2000 ^JohnHajnal,"Europeanmarriagepatternsinperspective"inD.E.GlassandD.E.C.Eversleyeds.PopulationinHistoryLondon,1965. ^MichaelFlynn,TheEuropeanDemographicSystem,1500-1820JohnsHopkins,1981,pp.124–127. ^"Companionshipmarriage"and"companionatemarriage"aresynonyms(thelatterbeingtheolderone),althoughthetermusuallyreferstoarelationshipbasedonequality,itmightinsteadrefertoamarriagewithmutualinterestintheirchildren,"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2007-07-12.Retrieved2007-03-05.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"Stepfamilyasindividualizedmarriage".Archivedfromtheoriginalon12July2007.Retrieved2May2017. ^Howard,Vicki."A'RealMan'sRing':GenderandtheInventionofTradition."JournalofSocialHistory.Summer2003pp.837–856 ^"Pregnantemployees'rights".direct.gov.uk. ^Cuckoo'segginthenest,Spiegel07,2007 ^Therestrictionsofherabilitiestodothisvaryimmenselyevenwithinalegalsystem,seecaseNYvs.FishmanArchived2007-02-20attheWaybackMachine,2000 ^Britannica2004,Legallimitationsonmarriage(fromfamilylaw) ^Britannica,Legallimitationsonmarriage(fromfamilylaw) ^"Clothes".Archivedfromtheoriginalon24September2015.Retrieved2May2017. ^Qur'anverse4;4 ^AbdelAzeem,SherifMuhammad."Divorce".WomenInIslamVersusWomenInTheJudaeo-ChristianTradition:TheMyth&TheReality.RetrievedAugust6,2018. ^"ZAWAJ.COM:ArticlesandEssaysAboutMarriageinIslam".zawaj.com. ^Mindel,Nissan."TheProphetessDeborah".chabad. ^Meir,Tamar."Esther:MidrashandAggadah".JewishWomen'sArchive. ^Gabriel,Brian."EsthertheProphet". ^Sri,Edward."IsMary'sQueenshipBiblical?".CatholicAnswers. ^Handley,Paul(11Sep2010)."Islamiccountriesunderpressureoverstoning".AFP.Retrieved22April2011. ^"FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutStoning".violenceisnotourculture.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29November2014.Retrieved14May2013. vteFamily History Household Nuclearfamily Extendedfamily Conjugalfamily Immediatefamily Matrifocalfamily First-degreerelatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second-degreerelatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Niece Nephew Third-degreerelatives Great-grandparent Great-grandchild Cousin Family-in-law Spouse wife husband Parent-in-law Sibling-in-law Child-in-law daughter-in-law son-in-law Stepfamily Stepparent stepfather stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinshipterminology Kinship AustralianAboriginalkinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictivekinship Marriage Nurturekinship Hawaiiankinship Sudanesekinship Eskimokinship Iroquoiskinship Crowkinship Omahakinship Genealogyandlineage Bilateraldescent Commonancestor Familyname Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Linealdescendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Progenitor Clan Royaldescent Familytrees Pedigreechart Ahnentafel Genealogicalnumberingsystems Seizequartiers Quartersofnobility Relationships Agape(parentallove) Eros(maritallove) Philia(brotherlylove) Storge(familiallove) Filialpiety Polyfidelity Holidays Mother'sDay U.S. Father'sDay Father-DaughterDay SiblingsDay NationalGrandparentsDay Parents'Day Children'sDay Japan FamilyDay Canada AmericanFamilyDay InternationalDayofFamilies NationalFamilyWeek UK NationalAdoptionDay Related Singleparent Onlychild Weddinganniversary Sociologyofthefamily MuseumofMotherhood Incest Dysfunctionalfamily AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries France(data) UnitedStates Other MicrosoftAcademic NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wife&oldid=1056555520" 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