Wiktionary - Wikipedia

Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of terms in all natural languages and in a number of artificial ... Wiktionary FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ForWikipedia'sguidanceonlinkingtosisterprojects,seeWikipedia:Wikimediasisterprojects§ Howtolink. Multilingualonlinedictionary WiktionaryEnglishWiktionarylogoScreenshot MainPageoftheEnglishWiktionaryonJanuary14,2019TypeofsiteOnlinedictionaryAvailable inMultilingual(159active)[1]OwnerWikimediaFoundationCreated byJimmyWalesandtheWikimediacommunityURLwiktionary.orgCommercialNoRegistrationOptionalLaunchedDecember 12,2002;18yearsago (2002-12-12)Current statusactive Wiktionaryisamultilingual,web-basedprojecttocreateafreecontentdictionaryofterms(includingwords,phrases,proverbs,linguisticreconstructions,etc.)inallnaturallanguagesandinanumberofartificiallanguages.Theseentriesmaycontaindefinitions,imagesforillustrations,pronunciations,etymologies,inflections,usageexamples,quotations,relatedterms,andtranslationsofwordsintootherlanguages,amongotherfeatures.Itiscollaborativelyeditedviaawiki.Itsnameisaportmanteauofthewordswikianddictionary.Itisavailablein182languagesandinSimpleEnglish.LikeitssisterprojectWikipedia,WiktionaryisrunbytheWikimediaFoundation,andiswrittencollaborativelybyvolunteers,dubbed"Wiktionarians".Itswikisoftware,MediaWiki,allowsalmostanyonewithaccesstothewebsitetocreateandeditentries. BecauseWiktionaryisnotlimitedbyprintspaceconsiderations,mostofWiktionary'slanguageeditionsprovidedefinitionsandtranslationsofwordsfrommanylanguages,andsomeeditionsofferadditionalinformationstypicallyfoundinthesauri. Wiktionarydataisfrequentlyusedinvariousnaturallanguageprocessingtasks. Contents 1Historyanddevelopment 1.1Logos 2Criteriaforensuringaccuracy 3Multi-lingual 4Criticalreception 5Wiktionarydatainnaturallanguageprocessing 6Seealso 7Notes 8References 8.1Citations 8.2Sources 9Externallinks Historyanddevelopment WiktionarywasbroughtonlineonDecember12,2002,[2]followingaproposalbyDanielAlstonandanideabyLarrySanger,co-founderofWikipedia.[3]OnMarch28,2004,thefirstnon-EnglishWiktionarieswereinitiatedinFrenchandPolish.Wiktionariesinnumerousotherlanguageshavesincebeenstarted.Wiktionarywashostedonatemporarydomainname(wiktionary.wikipedia.org)untilMay1,2004,whenitswitchedtothecurrentdomainname.[a]AsofJuly 2021[ref],Wiktionaryfeaturesover30millionarticles(andevenmoreentries)acrossitseditions.[4]ThelargestofthelanguageeditionsistheEnglishWiktionary,withover6.8millionentries,followedbytheFrenchWiktionarywithover4.2millionandtheMalagasyWiktionarywithover1.7millionentries.Forty-threeWiktionarylanguageeditionscontainover100,000entrieseach.[b] Theuseofbotstogeneratelargenumbersofarticlesisvisibleas"growthspurts"inthisgraphofarticlecountsatthelargesteightWiktionaryeditions.(DataasofDecember 2009[update]) Manyofthedefinitionsattheproject'slargestlanguageeditionswerecreatedbybotsthatfoundcreativewaystogenerateentriesor(rarely)automaticallyimportedthousandsofentriesfrompreviouslypublisheddictionaries.Sevenofthe18botsregisteredattheEnglishWiktionaryin2007[c]created163,000oftheentriesthere.[5] Anotherofthesebots,"ThirdPersBot,"wasresponsiblefortheadditionofanumberofthird-personconjugationsthatwouldnothavereceivedtheirownentriesinstandarddictionaries;forinstance,itdefined"smoulders"asthe"third-personsingularsimplepresentformofsmoulder."Ofthe1,269,938definitionstheEnglishWiktionaryprovidesfor996,450Englishwords,478,068are"formof"definitionsofthiskind.[6]Thismeansthatevenwithoutsuchentries,itscoverageofEnglishissignificantlylargerthanthatofmajormonolingualprintdictionaries.Merriam-Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,Unabridged,forinstance,has475,000entries(withmanyadditionalembeddedheadwords);theOxfordEnglishDictionaryhas615,000headwords,butincludesMiddleEnglishaswell,forwhichtheEnglishWiktionaryhasanadditional 34,234glossdefinitions.Detailedstatisticsexisttoshowhowmanyentriesofvariouskindsexist. TheEnglishWiktionarydoesnotrelyonbotstotheextentthatsomeothereditionsdo.TheFrenchandVietnameseWiktionaries,forexample,importedlargesectionsoftheFreeVietnameseDictionaryProject(FVDP),whichprovidesfreecontentbilingualdictionariestoandfromVietnamese.[d]TheseimportedentriesmakeupvirtuallyalloftheVietnameseedition'scontents.LiketheEnglishedition,theFrenchWiktionaryhasimportedapproximately20,000entriesfromtheUnihandatabaseofChinese,Japanese,andKoreancharacters.TheFrenchWiktionarygrewrapidlyin2006thanksinalargeparttobotscopyingmanyentriesfromold,freelylicenseddictionaries,suchastheeightheditionoftheDictionnairedel'Académiefrançaise(1935,around35,000words),andusingbotstoaddwordsfromotherWiktionaryeditionswithFrenchtranslations.TheRussianeditiongrewbynearly80,000entriesas"LXbot"addedboilerplateentries(withheadings,butwithoutdefinitions)forwordsinEnglishandGerman.[7] AsofJuly2021,en.wiktionaryhasover791,870glossdefinitionsandover1,269,938totaldefinitions(includingdifferentforms)forEnglishentriesalone,withatotalofover9,928,056definitionsacrossalllanguages.[8] Logos Wiktionaryhashistoricallylackedauniformlogoacrossitsnumerouslanguageeditions.Someeditionsuselogosthatdepictadictionaryentryabouttheterm"Wiktionary",basedonthepreviousEnglishWiktionarylogo,whichwasdesignedbyBrionVibber,aMediaWikideveloper.[9]Becauseapurelytextuallogomustvaryconsiderablyfromlanguagetolanguage,afour-phasecontesttoadoptauniformlogowasheldattheWikimediaMeta-WikifromSeptembertoOctober2006.[e]Somecommunitiesadoptedthewinningentryby"Smurrayinchester",a3×3gridofwoodentiles,eachbearingacharacterfromadifferentwritingsystem.However,thepolldidnotseeasmuchparticipationfromtheWiktionarycommunityassomecommunitymembershadhoped,andanumberofthelargerwikisultimatelykepttheirtextuallogos.[e] InApril2009,theissuewasresurrectedwithanewcontest.Thistime,adepictionby"AAEngelman"ofanopenhardbounddictionarywonahead-to-headvoteagainstthe2006logo,buttheprocesstorefineandadoptthenewlogothenstalled.[10]Inthefollowingyears,somewikisreplacedtheirtextuallogoswithoneofthetwonewerlogos.In2012,55wikisthathadbeenusingtheEnglishWiktionarylogoreceivedlocalizedversionsofthe2006designby"Smurrayinchester".[f]InJuly2016,theEnglishWiktionaryadoptedavariantofthislogo.[11]Asof4 July 2016[update],135wikis,representing61%ofWiktionary'sentries,usealogobasedonthe2006designby"Smurrayinchester",33wikis(36%)useatextuallogo,andthreewikis(3%)usethe2009designby"AAEngelman".[12] Criteriaforensuringaccuracy Toensureaccuracy,theEnglishWiktionaryhasapolicyrequiringthattermsbeattested.[13]TermsinmajorlanguagessuchasEnglishandChinesemustbeverifiedby: clearlywidespreaduse,or useinpermanentlyrecordedmedia,conveyingmeaning,inatleastthreeindependentinstancesspanningatleastayear. Forless-documentedlanguagessuchasCreekandextinctlanguagessuchasLatin,oneuseinapermanentlyrecordedmediumoronementioninareferenceworkissufficientverification. Multi-lingual AsofNovember2021,thereareWiktionarysitesfor183languagesofwhich159areactiveand24areclosed.[1]Theactivesiteshave30,774,522articles,andtheclosedsiteshave339articles.[14]Thereare6,442,111registeredusersofwhich5,052arerecentlyactive.[14] Thetoptenwiktionarylanguageprojectsbymainspacearticlecount:[14] № Language Wiki Good Total Edits Admins Users Activeusers Files 1 English en 6,861,382 7,845,393 64,778,703 103 3,879,203 1,798 24 2 French fr 4,278,637 4,601,128 29,994,536 36 316,545 486 6 3 Malagasy mg 1,714,665 1,771,196 29,129,260 2 9,757 13 3 4 Russian ru 1,153,856 2,414,631 12,065,202 14 268,957 252 142 5 Chinese zh 1,094,283 1,662,566 6,669,200 7 99,888 80 20 6 German de 1,014,012 1,180,384 8,969,598 17 206,231 211 99 7 Serbo-Croatian sh 911,567 916,412 1,469,323 4 6,626 7 3 8 Spanish es 908,886 963,362 5,026,629 8 134,813 108 14 9 Swedish sv 816,216 856,949 3,634,537 14 49,996 73 1 10 Greek el 799,679 841,680 5,344,666 9 48,425 86 55 ForacompletelistwithtotalsseeWikimediaStatistics:[15] Criticalreception Thissection'sfactualaccuracymaybecompromisedduetoout-of-dateinformation.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(May2013) CriticalreceptionofWiktionaryhasbeenmixed.In2006,JillLeporewroteinthearticle"Noah'sArk"forTheNewYorker,[g] There'snoshowofhandsatWiktionary.There'snotevenaneditorialstaff."Beyourownlexicographer!",mightbeWiktionary'smotto.Whoneedsexperts?Whypaygoodmoneyforadictionarywrittenbylexicographerswhenwecouldcobbleonetogetherourselves? Wiktionaryisn'tsomuchrepublicanordemocraticasMaoist.Andit'sonlyasgoodasthecopyright-expiredbooksfromwhichitpilfers. KeirGraff'sreviewforBooklistwaslesscritical: IsthereaplaceforWiktionary?Undoubtedly.Theindustryandenthusiasmofitsmanycreatorsareproofthatthere'samarket.Andit'swonderfultohaveanotherstrongsourcetousewhensearchingtheoddtermsthatpopupintoday'sfast-changingworldandtheonlineenvironment.ButaswithsomanyWebsources(includingthiscolumn),it'sbestusedbysophisticatedusersinconjunctionwithmorereputablesources.[citationneeded] ReferencesinotherpublicationsarefleetingandpartoflargerdiscussionsofWikipedia,notprogressingbeyondadefinition,althoughDavidBrooksinTheNashuaTelegraphdescribeditas"wildandwoolly".[17]OneoftheimpedimentstoindependentcoverageofWiktionaryisthecontinuingconfusionthatitismerelyanextensionofWikipedia.[h] ThemeasureofcorrectnessoftheinflectionsforasubsetofthePolishwordsintheEnglishWiktionaryshowedthatthisgrammaticaldataisverystable.Only131outof4,748Polishwordshavehadtheirinflectiondatacorrected.[18] Asof2016[update],Wiktionaryhasseengrowinguseinacademia.[19] Wiktionarydatainnaturallanguageprocessing Wiktionaryhassemi-structureddata.[20]Wiktionarylexicographicdatacanbeconvertedtomachine-readableformatinordertobeusedinnaturallanguageprocessingtasks.[21][22][23] Wiktionarydataminingisacomplextask.Therearethefollowingdifficulties:[24] (1)theconstantandfrequentchangestodataandschemata (2)theheterogeneityinWiktionarylanguageeditionschemata[i]and (3)thehuman-centricnatureofawiki. ThereareseveralparsersfordifferentWiktionarylanguageeditions:[25] DBpediaWiktionary :[26]asubprojectofDBpedia,thedataareextractedfromEnglish,French,German,andRussianwiktionaries;thedataincludeslanguage,partsofspeech,definitions,semanticrelationsandtranslations.Thedeclarativedescriptionofthepageschema,[27]regularexpressions[28]andfinitestatetransducer[29]areusedinordertoextractinformation. JWKTL(JavaWiktionaryLibrary) :[30]providesaccesstoEnglishWiktionaryandGermanWiktionarydumpsviaaJavaWiktionaryAPI.[31]Thedataincludeslanguage,partsofspeech,definitions,quotations,semanticrelations,etymologiesandtranslations.JWKTLisdistributedundertheApacheLicense. wikokit :[32]theparserofEnglishWiktionaryandRussianWiktionary.[33]Theparseddataincludeslanguage,partsofspeech,definitions,quotations,[34][j]semanticrelations[35]andtranslations.Thisisamulti-licensedopen-sourcesoftware. EtymologicalentrieshavebeenparsedintheEtymologicalWordNetproject.[36] ExamplesofnaturallanguageprocessingtaskswhichhavebeensolvedwiththehelpofWiktionarydatainclude: Rule-basedmachinetranslationbetweenDutchlanguageandAfrikaans;dataofEnglishWiktionary,DutchWiktionaryandWikipediawereusedwiththeApertiummachinetranslationplatform.[37] Constructionofmachine-readabledictionarybytheparserNULEX,whichintegratesopenlinguisticresources:EnglishWiktionary,WordNet,andVerbNet.[38]TheparserNULEXscrapesEnglishWiktionaryfortenseinformation(verbs),pluralformandpartsofspeech(nouns). Speechrecognitionandsynthesis,whereWiktionarywasusedtoautomaticallycreatepronunciationdictionaries.[39]Word-pronunciationpairswereretrievedfrom6Wiktionarylanguageeditions(Czech,English,French,Spanish,Polish,andGerman).PronunciationsareintermsoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.[k]TheASRsystembasedonEnglishWiktionaryhasthehighestworderrorrate,whereeachthirdphonemehastobechanged.[41] Ontologyengineering[42]andsemanticnetworkconstructing.[43] Ontologymatching.[44] Textsimplification.Medero&Ostendorf[45]assessedvocabularydifficulty(readingleveldetection)withthehelpofWiktionarydata.PropertiesofwordsextractedfromWiktionaryentries(definitionlengthandPOS,sense,andtranslationcounts)wereinvestigated.Medero&Ostendorfexpectedthat (1)verycommonwordswillbemorelikelytohavemultiplepartsofspeech, (2)commonwordstobemorelikelytohavemultiplesenses, (3)commonwordswillbemorelikelytohavebeentranslatedintomultiplelanguages.ThesefeaturesextractedfromWiktionaryentrieswereusefulindistinguishingwordtypesthatappearinSimpleEnglishWikipediaarticlesfromwordsthatonlyappearintheStandardEnglishcomparablearticles. Part-of-speechtagging.Lietal.(2012)[46]builtmultilingualPOS-taggersforeightresource-poorlanguagesonthebasisofEnglishWiktionaryandHiddenMarkovModels.[l] Sentimentanalysis.[47] "Wikidata:Lexicographicaldata"wasstartedin2018toprovidestructureddatasupporttoWikitonaries.Itstoresworddataofalllanguagesinamachinereadabledatamodel,underadedicated"Lexeme"namespaceinWikidata.AsofOctober2021,theprojecthasamassedover600,000lexemeentriesofvariouslanguages.[48] Seealso ListofWiktionaries Notes ^Wiktionary'scurrentURLiswww.wiktionary.org ^Wiktionarytotalarticlecountsarehere.Detailedstatisticsbywordtypeareavailablehere[1]. ^TheuserlistattheEnglishWiktionaryidentifiesaccountsthathavebeengiven"botstatus". ^HồNgọcĐức,FreeVietnameseDictionaryProject.DetailsattheVietnameseWiktionary. ^ab"Wiktionary/logo",Meta-Wiki,WikimediaFoundation. ^[Translators-l]56Wiktionariesgotalocalisedlogo ^Thefullarticleisnotavailableon-line.[16] ^Inthiscitation,theauthorreferstoWiktionaryaspartoftheWikipediasite:AdaptedfromanarticlebyNaomiDeTullio(2006)."WikisforLibrarians"(PDF).NETLSNews#142.NortheastTexasLibrarySystem.p. 15.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDFnewsletter)onJune5,2007.RetrievedApril21,2007. ^E.g.comparetheentrystructureandformattingrulesinEnglishWiktionaryandRussianWiktionary. ^QuotationsareextractedonlyfromRussianWiktionary.[34] ^IfthereareseveralIPAnotationsonaWiktionarypage–eitherfordifferentlanguagesorforpronunciationvariants,thenthefirstpronunciationwasextracted.[40] ^ThesourcecodeandtheresultsofPOS-taggingareavailableathttps://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger References Citations ^abWikimedia'sMediaWikiAPI:Sitematrix.RetrievedNovember2021fromData:Wikipediastatistics/meta.tab ^"WikipediamailinglistarchivediscussionannouncingtheopeningoftheWiktionaryproject".RetrievedMay3,2011. ^WikipediamailinglistarchivediscussionfromLarrySangergivingtheideaonWiktionary–RetrievedMay3,2011 ^https://www.wiktionary.org/ ^TheDaveBotArchivedOctober11,2007,attheWaybackMachine,TheCheatBotArchivedOctober11,2007,attheWaybackMachine,WebsterbotArchivedOctober11,2007,attheWaybackMachine,PastBotArchivedOctober11,2007,attheWaybackMachine,NanshuBotArchivedOctober11,2007,attheWaybackMachine ^DetailedstatisticsasofJuly21,2021 ^LXbotArchivedMay24,2008,attheWaybackMachine ^Wiktionarystatistics ^"Wiktionarytalk:WiktionaryLogo",EnglishWiktionary,WikimediaFoundation. ^"Wiktionary/logo/refresh/voting",Meta-Wiki,WikimediaFoundation. ^phab:T139255 ^m:Wiktionary/logo#Logousestatistics. ^"Wiktionary:Criteriaforinclusion".Wiktionary.RetrievedMarch13,2015. ^abcWikimedia'sMediaWikiAPI:Siteinfo.RetrievedNovember2021fromData:Wikipediastatistics/data.tab ^"WiktionaryStatistics".Meta.Wikimedia.org.RetrievedSeptember11,2020. ^Lepore2006. ^DavidBrooks,"Online,interactiveencyclopedianotjustforgeeksanymore,becauseeveryoneseemstoneeditnow,morethanever!"TheNashuaTelegraph(August4,2004) ^Kurmas2010. ^Sascha&Müller-Spitzer2016,p. 348 ^Meyer&Gurevych2012,p. 140. ^Zesch,Müller&Gurevych2008,p. 4,Figure1. ^Meyer&Gurevych2010,p. 40. ^Krizhanovsky,Transformation2010,p. 1. ^Hellmann&Auer2013,p. 302,p.16inPDF. ^Hellmann,Brekle&Auer2012,p. 3,Table1. ^DBpediaWiktionaryArchivedMay4,2013,attheWaybackMachine ^Hellmann,Brekle&Auer2012,pp. 8–9. ^Hellmann,Brekle&Auer2012,p. 10. ^Hellmann,Brekle&Auer2012,p. 11. ^JWKTL ^Zesch,Müller&Gurevych2008. ^wikokit ^Krizhanovsky,Transformation2010. ^abSmirnovetal.2012. ^Krizhanovsky,Comparison2010. ^EtymologicalWordNet ^Otte&Tyers2011. ^McFate&Forbus2011. ^Schlippe,Ochs&Schultz2012. ^Schlippe,Ochs&Schultz2012,p. 4802. ^Schlippe,Ochs&Schultz2012,p. 4804. ^Meyer&Gurevych2012. ^http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu ^Lin&Krizhanovsky2011. ^Medero&Ostendorf2009. ^Li,Graça&Taskar2012. ^Chesleyetal.2006. ^"Wikidata:Wiktionary".RetrievedOctober12,2012. 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SmirnovA,LevashovaT,KarpovA,KipyatkovaI,RonzhinA,KrizhanovskyA,KrizhanovskyN(2012)."AnalysisofthequotationcorpusoftheRussianWiktionary".ResearchinComputingScience.56:101–112.arXiv:2002.00734.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.9627.doi:10.13053/rcs-56-1-11.S2CID 10726045. Zesch,Torsten;Müller,Christof;Gurevych,Iryna(2008)."ExtractingLexicalSemanticKnowledgefromWikipediaandWiktionary"(PDF).ProceedingsoftheConferenceonLanguageResourcesandEvaluation(LREC).Marrakech,Morocco. "Wiktionary".Top101WebSites.PCMagazine.ZiffDavis.April6,2005.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember21,2005.RetrievedDecember16,2005. Externallinks LookupWiktionaryinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. ListofallWiktionaryeditions Wiktionaryfrontpage EnglishWiktionary WiktionaryAndroidpackageattheF-Droidrepository WiktionaryonGooglePlay Wiktionary'smultilingualstatistics Wikimedia'spageonWiktionary(includinglistofallexistingWiktionaries) PagesaboutWiktionaryinMeta. vteWikimediaFoundationPeopleCurrent MaryanaIskander DariuszJemielniak RebeccaMacKinnon RajuNarisetti RosieStephenson-Goodknight Esra'aAlShafei JimmyWales Past HamptonCatlin DaneseCooper BishakhaDatta FlorenceDevouard OscarvanDillen SueGardner ArnnonGeshuri MikeGodwin AaronHalfaker JamesHeilman GuyKawasaki PatricioLorente KatherineMaher ErikMöller LarrySanger LilaTretikov LuisVilla Projects Wikipedia ListofWikipedias Wiktionary ListofWiktionaries WikimediaCommons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Other Wikimediamovement ListofWikimediachapters Wikimania WikiIndaba MediaWiki Litigation WikimediaFoundationv.NSA KnowledgeEngine Related TheSignpost WikipediaMonument WikimedianoftheYear TidesFoundation WikipediaforWorldHeritage vteDictionariesofEnglishOldandMiddleEnglish AnAnglo-SaxonDictionary DictionaryofOldEnglish MiddleEnglishDictionary Historic CatholiconAnglicum(1483) TheEnglishSchoole-Master(1596) TheNewWorldofEnglishWords(1658) ANewEnglishDictionary(1702) AnUniversalEtymologicalEnglishDictionary(1721) Johnson'sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755) Webster'sDictionary(1828) Worcester'sDictionary Richardson'sNewDictionary ImperialDictionary(1847–1850) CenturyDictionary(1889–1891) WorldBookDictionary DictionaryofAmericanEnglish AmericanEnglish AmericanHeritage AmericanRegional Encarta NewOxfordAmerican RandomHouseWebster's Webster'sNewWorld Webster'sThirdNewInternational BritishEnglish Chambers Collins OxfordEnglish OxfordDictionaryofEnglish Penguin CanadianEnglish CanadianOxford DictionaryofCanadianisms DictionaryofNewfoundlandEnglish GageCanadian AustralianEnglish AustralianNational AustralianOxford Macquarie Online CollaborativeInternationalDictionaryofEnglish UrbanDictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners/ESL CambridgeAdvancedLearner's CollinsCOBUILDAdvanced LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish MacmillanEnglishDictionaryforAdvancedLearners Merriam-Webster'sAdvancedLearner's OxfordAdvancedLearner's Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary&oldid=1053994909" Categories:Advertising-freewebsitesEtymologicaldictionariesFreeandopen-sourceAndroidsoftwareInternetpropertiesestablishedin2002MediaWikiwebsitesMultilingualwebsitesOnlinedictionariesWikimediaprojectsHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsemdydatesfromNovember2019UseAmericanEnglishfromJanuary2019AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglishArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfromJuly2021AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfromDecember2009ArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfromJuly2016ArticleswithobsoleteinformationfromMay2013AllWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2010Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2016GooglePlayIDsameasWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsMeta-WikiWikibooksWikiquote Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAragonésArmãneashtiঅসমীয়াAsturianuAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasaBaliবাংলাBanjarBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBoarischBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaCymraegDanskالدارجةDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalegoGĩkũyũગુજરાતી客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIgboBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡქართულიKaszëbscziKiswahiliKurdîLadinoLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLimburgsLombardMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiमराठीمصرىဘာသာမန်BahasaMelayuMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄မြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपाली日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanଓଡ଼ିଆOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیភាសាខ្មែរTokPisinPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSängöScotsShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaၽႃႇသႃႇတႆးతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوVahcuenghVènetoTiếngViệtWalon文言WinarayWolof吴语ייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks