Cloud storage - Wikipedia

Cloud storage is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud". The physical storage ... Cloudstorage FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleisaboutenterprise-levelclouddatastorage.Forconsumer-levelfilehostingservices,seefilehostingservice. Modelofcomputerdatastorage Cloudstorageisamodelofcomputerdatastorageinwhichthedigitaldataisstoredinlogicalpools,saidtobeon"thecloud".Thephysicalstoragespansmultipleservers(sometimesinmultiplelocations),andthephysicalenvironmentistypicallyownedandmanagedbyahostingcompany.Thesecloudstorageprovidersareresponsibleforkeepingthedataavailableandaccessible,andthephysicalenvironmentsecured,protected,andrunning.Peopleandorganizationsbuyorleasestoragecapacityfromtheproviderstostoreuser,organization,orapplicationdata. Cloudstorageservicesmaybeaccessedthroughacolocatedcloudcomputingservice,awebserviceapplicationprogramminginterface(API)orbyapplicationsthatusetheAPI,suchasclouddesktopstorage,acloudstoragegatewayorWeb-basedcontentmanagementsystems. Contents 1History 2Architecture 3Advantages 4Potentialconcerns 4.1Datasecurity 4.2Longevity 4.3Accessibility 4.4Otherconcerns 4.5Options 5Seealso 6References History[edit] CloudcomputingisbelievedtohavebeeninventedbyJosephCarlRobnettLickliderinthe1960swithhisworkonARPANETtoconnectpeopleanddatafromanywhereatanytime.[1] In1983,CompuServeoffereditsconsumerusersasmallamountofdiskspacethatcouldbeusedtostoreanyfilestheychosetoupload.[2] In1994,AT&TlaunchedPersonaLinkServices,anonlineplatformforpersonalandbusinesscommunicationandentrepreneurship.Thestoragewasoneofthefirsttobeallweb-based,andreferencedintheircommercialsas,"youcanthinkofourelectronicmeetingplaceasthecloud."[3]AmazonWebServicesintroducedtheircloudstorageserviceAWSS3in2006,andhasgainedwidespreadrecognitionandadoptionasthestoragesuppliertopopularservicessuchasSmugMug,Dropbox,andPinterest.In2005,Boxannouncedanonlinefilesharingandpersonalcloudcontentmanagementserviceforbusinesses.[4] Architecture[edit] Ahighlevelarchitectureofcloudstorage. Thissectionmaybetootechnicalformostreaderstounderstand.Pleasehelpimproveittomakeitunderstandabletonon-experts,withoutremovingthetechnicaldetails.(December2016)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Cloudstorageisbasedonhighlyvirtualizedinfrastructureandislikebroadercloudcomputingintermsofinterfaces,near-instantelasticityandscalability,multi-tenancy,andmeteredresources.Cloudstorageservicescanbeusedfromanoff-premisesservice(AmazonS3)ordeployedon-premises(ViONCapacityServices).[5] Therearethreetypesofcloudstorage:ahostedobjectstorageservice,filestorage,andblockstorage.Eachofthesecloudstoragetypesoffertheirownuniqueadvantages. ExamplesofobjectstorageservicesthatcanbehostedanddeployedwithcloudstoragecharacteristicsincludeAmazonS3,OracleCloudStorageandMicrosoftAzureStorage,objectstoragesoftwarelikeOpenstackSwift,objectstoragesystemslikeEMCAtmos,EMCECSandHitachiContentPlatform,anddistributedstorageresearchprojectslikeOceanStore[6]andVISIONCloud.[7] ExamplesoffilestorageservicesincludeAmazonElasticFileSystem(EFS)andQumuloCore,[8]usedforapplicationsthatneedaccesstosharedfilesandrequireafilesystem.ThisstorageisoftensupportedwithaNetworkAttachedStorage(NAS)server,usedforlargecontentrepositories,developmentenvironments,mediastores,oruserhomedirectories. AblockstorageservicelikeAmazonElasticBlockStore(EBS)isusedforotherenterpriseapplicationslikedatabasesandoftenrequirededicated,lowlatencystorageforeachhost.Thisiscomparableincertainrespectstodirectattachedstorage(DAS)orastorageareanetwork(SAN). Cloudstorageis:[6] Madeupofmanydistributedresources,butstillactsasone,eitherinafederated[9]oracooperativestoragecloudarchitecture Highlyfaulttolerantthroughredundancyanddistributionofdata Highlydurablethroughthecreationofversionedcopies Typicallyeventuallyconsistentwithregardtodatareplicas[10] Advantages[edit] Companiesneedonlypayforthestoragetheyactuallyuse,typicallyanaverageofconsumptionduringamonth,quarter,oryear.[11]Thisdoesnotmeanthatcloudstorageislessexpensive,onlythatitincursoperatingexpensesratherthancapitalexpenses. Businessesusingcloudstoragecancuttheirenergyconsumptionbyupto70%makingthemamoregreenbusiness.[12] Organizationscanchoosebetweenoff-premisesandon-premisescloudstorageoptions,oramixtureofthetwooptions,dependingonrelevantdecisioncriteriathatiscomplementarytoinitialdirectcostsavingspotential;forinstance,continuityofoperations(COOP),disasterrecovery(DR),security(PII,HIPAA,SARBOX,IA/CND),andrecordsretentionlaws,regulations,andpolicies.[13] Storageavailabilityanddataprotectionisintrinsictoobjectstoragearchitecture,sodependingontheapplication,theadditionaltechnology,effortandcosttoaddavailabilityandprotectioncanbeeliminated.[14] Storagemaintenancetasks,suchaspurchasingadditionalstoragecapacity,areoffloadedtotheresponsibilityofaserviceprovider.[11] Cloudstorageprovidesuserswithimmediateaccesstoabroadrangeofresourcesandapplicationshostedintheinfrastructureofanotherorganizationviaawebserviceinterface.[15] Cloudstoragecanbeusedforcopyingvirtualmachineimagesfromthecloudtoon-premiseslocationsortoimportavirtualmachineimagefromanon-premiseslocationtothecloudimagelibrary.Inaddition,cloudstoragecanbeusedtomovevirtualmachineimagesbetweenuseraccountsorbetweendatacenters.[16] Cloudstoragecanbeusedasnaturaldisasterproofbackup,asnormallythereare2or3differentbackupserverslocatedindifferentplacesaroundtheglobe. CloudstoragecanbemappedasalocaldrivewiththeWebDAVprotocol.Itcanfunctionasacentralfileserverfororganizationswithmultipleofficelocations. Potentialconcerns[edit] Mainarticle:Cloudcomputingsecurity Datasecurity[edit] Outsourcingdatastorageincreasestheattacksurfacearea.[17] Whendatahasbeendistributeditisstoredatmorelocationsincreasingtheriskofunauthorizedphysicalaccesstothedata.Forexample,incloudbasedarchitecture,dataisreplicatedandmovedfrequentlysotheriskofunauthorizeddatarecoveryincreasesdramatically.Suchasinthecaseofdisposalofoldequipment,reuseofdrives,reallocationofstoragespace.Themannerthatdataisreplicateddependsontheservicelevelacustomerchoosesandontheserviceprovided.Whenencryptionisinplaceitcanensureconfidentiality.Crypto-shreddingcanbeusedwhendisposingofdata(onadisk). Thenumberofpeoplewithaccesstothedatawhocouldbecompromised(e.g.,bribed,orcoerced)increasesdramatically.Asinglecompanymighthaveasmallteamofadministrators,networkengineers,andtechnicians,butacloudstoragecompanywillhavemanycustomersandthousandsofservers,thereforeamuchlargerteamoftechnicalstaffwithphysicalandelectronicaccesstoalmostallofthedataattheentirefacilityorperhapstheentirecompany.[18]Decryptionkeysthatarekeptbytheserviceuser,asopposedtotheserviceprovider,limittheaccesstodatabyserviceprovideremployees.Asforsharingmultipledatainthecloudwithmultipleusers,alargenumberofkeyshastobedistributedtousersviasecurechannelsfordecryption,alsoithastobesecurelystoredandmanagedbytheusersintheirdevices.Storingthesekeysrequiresratherexpensivesecurestorage.Toovercomethat,key-aggregatecryptosystem[19]canbeused. Itincreasesthenumberofnetworksoverwhichthedatatravels.Insteadofjustalocalareanetwork(LAN)orstorageareanetwork(SAN),datastoredonacloudrequiresaWAN(wideareanetwork)toconnectthemboth. Bysharingstorageandnetworkswithmanyotherusers/customersitispossibleforothercustomerstoaccessyourdata.Sometimesbecauseoferroneousactions,faultyequipment,abugandsometimesbecauseofcriminalintent.Thisriskappliestoalltypesofstorageandnotonlycloudstorage.Theriskofhavingdatareadduringtransmissioncanbemitigatedthroughencryptiontechnology.Encryptionintransitprotectsdataasitisbeingtransmittedtoandfromthecloudservice.[20]Encryptionatrestprotectsdatathatisstoredattheserviceprovider.Encryptingdatainanon-premisescloudserviceon-rampsystemcanprovidebothkindsofencryptionprotection. Longevity[edit] Seealso:FinancialAnalysis Companiesarenotpermanentandtheservicesandproductstheyprovidecanchange.Outsourcingdatastoragetoanothercompanyneedscarefulinvestigationandnothingisevercertain.Contractssetinstonecanbeworthlesswhenacompanyceasestoexistoritscircumstanceschange.Companiescan:[21][22][23] Gobankrupt. Expandandchangetheirfocus. Bepurchasedbyotherlargercompanies. Bepurchasedbyacompanyheadquarteredinormovetoacountrythatnegatescompliancewithexportrestrictionsandthusnecessitatesamove. Sufferanirrecoverabledisaster. Accessibility[edit] Performanceforoutsourcedstorageislikelytobelowerthanlocalstorage,dependingonhowmuchacustomeriswillingtospendforWANbandwidth[11] Reliabilityandavailabilitydependsonwideareanetworkavailabilityandonthelevelofprecautionstakenbytheserviceprovider.Reliabilityshouldbebasedonhardwareaswellasvariousalgorithmsused. Itsagivenamultiplicityofdatastorage. Otherconcerns[edit] Securityofstoreddataanddataintransitmaybeaconcernwhenstoringsensitivedataatacloudstorageprovider[11] Userswithspecificrecords-keepingrequirements,suchaspublicagenciesthatmustretainelectronicrecordsaccordingtostatute,mayencountercomplicationswithusingcloudcomputingandstorage.Forinstance,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensedesignatedtheDefenseInformationSystemsAgency(DISA)tomaintainalistofrecordsmanagementproductsthatmeetalloftherecordsretention,personallyidentifiableinformation(PII),andsecurity(InformationAssurance;IA)requirements[24] Cloudstorageisarichresourceforbothhackersandnationalsecurityagencies.[25][26]Becausethecloudholdsdatafrommanydifferentusersandorganizations,hackersseeitasaveryvaluabletarget.[27] Piracyandcopyrightinfringementmaybeenabledbysitesthatpermitfilesharing.Forexample,theCodexCloudebookstoragesitehasfacedlitigationfromtheownersoftheintellectualpropertyuploadedandsharedthere,ashavetheGrooveSharkandYouTubesitesithasbeencomparedto.[28][29] Thelegalaspect,fromaregulatorycompliancestandpoint,isofconcernwhenstoringfilesdomesticallyandespeciallyinternationally.[30] Theresourcesusedtoproducelargedatacenters,especiallythoseneededtopowerthem,iscausingnationstodrasticallyincreasetheirenergyproduction.Thisisleadstofurtherclimatedamagingimplications. Options[edit] Thereareseveraloptionsavailabletoavoidsuchissues.Oneoptionistouseaprivatecloudinsteadofapubliccloud(thereareaswellprovidersthatofferprivatecloudstorage).Anotheroptionistoingestdatainencryptedformatwherethekeyisheldwithinyouronpremiseinfrastructure.Accessisoftenbyuseofcloudstoragegatewaysthatareonpremise.Suchgatewayshaveoptionsnotonlytoencryptandcompressthedataprioroftransferbutaswellmirrorthestorageacrossmultiplecloudstorageprovidersandremovetheriskofasingleprovidersshutdown.Gatewaysofferaswelltheoptiontocachedataonamostrecentlyusedalgorithmonpremise.Alongwithdataanalyticsdataiscachedandfetchedonamostvaluableforminsteadofrecentlyusedonlyform. Seealso[edit] Block-levelstorage Cloudcollaboration CloudDataManagementInterface,betterknownasCDMI Clouddatabase Comparisonofonlinebackupservices Filehostingservice Mobilecloudstorage Cooperativestoragecloud GoogleStorage Cloudcomputing Cooperativestoragecloud Fogcomputing Edgecomputing Mobileedgecomputing Dewcomputing Distributednetworking Datacluster Directory Filesystem Clusteredfilesystem Distributedfilesystem Distributedfilesystemforcloud Distributeddatastore Distributeddatabase Cloudresearch In-memorydatabase In-memoryprocessing MicrosoftOneDrive Diskaggregation Logicaldisk References[edit] ^"AHistoryofCloudComputing".ComputerWeekly. ^Louden,Bill(September1983)."IncreaseYour100'sStoragewith128KfromCompuserve".Portable100.NewEnglandPublicationsInc.1(1):22.ISSN 0738-7016. ^DanielaHernandez(May23,2014)."TechTimeWarpoftheWeek".Wired. ^"Box.netletsyoustore,share,workinthecomputingcloud".SiliconValleyBusinessJournal.December16,2009.RetrievedOctober2,2016. ^"On-premisesprivatecloudstoragedescription,characteristics,andoptions".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2016-03-22.Retrieved2012-12-10. ^abS.Rhea,C.Wells,P.Eaton,D.Geels,B.Zhao,H.Weatherspoon,andJ.Kubiatowicz,Maintenance-FreeGlobalDataStorage.IEEEInternetComputing,Vol5,No5,September/October2001,pp40–49.[1]Archived2012-03-29attheWaybackMachine[2]Archived2011-06-23attheWaybackMachine ^Kolodner,ElliotK.;Tal,Sivan;Kyriazis,Dimosthenis;Naor,Dalit;Allalouf,Miriam;Bonelli,Lucia;Brand,Per;Eckert,Albert;Elmroth,Erik;Gogouvitis,SpyridonV.;Harnik,Danny;Hernandez,Francisco;Jaeger,MichaelC.;BayuhLakew,Ewnetu;ManuelLopez,Jose;Lorenz,Mirko;Messina,Alberto;Shulman-Peleg,Alexandra;Talyansky,Roman;Voulodimos,Athanasios;Wolfsthal,Yaron(2011)."ACloudEnvironmentforData-intensiveStorageServices".2011IEEEThirdInternationalConferenceonCloudComputingTechnologyandScience:357–366.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.302.151.doi:10.1109/CloudCom.2011.55.ISBN 978-1-4673-0090-2.S2CID 96939. ^Cardin,Jay."Qumulo–BecauseDataStorageIsNotCreatedEqual".WEITechExchange.WEI.Retrieved5August2021. ^Vernik,Gil,etal."DataOn-boardinginFederatedStorageClouds."Proceedingsofthe2013IEEESixthInternationalConferenceonCloudComputing.IEEEComputerSociety,2013. ^Kemme,Bettina,etal."ConsistencyinDistributedSystems(DagstuhlSeminar13081)."(2013). ^abcdZDNet,NasuniCloudStorageGateway ByDanKusnetzky,June1,2010,[3] ^Gupta,P(20October2013)."Theusageandadoptionofcloudcomputingbysmallandmediumbusinesses".InternationalJournalofInformationManagement.33(5):861–874.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.07.001. ^"Ochs,R.(2012).TheNewDecision-Makers.CRN(June22,2012).RetrievedonDecember10,2012".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust5,2016.RetrievedDecember10,2012. ^"4reasonswhycloudandon-premisesstoragearedifferent,butequallygoodforpeopledata".2013-09-09.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-09-25.Retrieved2013-09-09. ^O’Brien,J.A.&Marakas,G.M.(2011).ComputerSoftware.ManagementInformationSystems10thed.145.McGraw-Hill/Irwin ^WuCF,WangYS,LiuGN,Amies,A,2012,CreatesolutionsonIBMSmartCloudEnterprise:TransferimageassetsbetweendifferentaccountsIBMdeveloperWorks,June6. ^"TheAttackSurfaceProblem".Sans.edu.Retrieved2013-07-08. ^Cyber%20Intrusion%20Mitigation%20Strategies.pdf"US-CERTICS-TIP-12-146-01TargetedCyberIntrusionandDetectionMitigationStrategies"Check|url=value(help)(PDF).[permanentdeadlink] ^Chu,Cheng-Kang;Chow,ShermanS.M.;Tzeng,Wen-Guey;Zhou,Jianying;Deng,RobertH.(2014-02-01)."Key-AggregateCryptosystemforScalableDataSharinginCloudStorage".IEEETransactionsonParallelandDistributedSystems.25(2):468–477.doi:10.1109/TPDS.2013.112.ISSN 1045-9219.S2CID 13030328. ^Transferfilesfromoneonedriveaccounttoanother. ^Butler,Brandon(2June2014)."Cloud'sworst-casescenario:Whattodoifyourprovidergoesbellyup".NetworkWorld.Retrieved20June2015. ^Gaudin,Sharon(12January2015)."Verizongets'blackeye'inlongcloudshutdown".ComputerWorld.Retrieved20June2015. ^Butler,Brandon(1November2013)."FreecloudstorageserviceMegaCloudgoesdark".NetworkWorld.Retrieved20June2015. ^"DoDD5015.2DODRecordsManagementProgram,Section5.1.3"(PDF). ^Mello,JohnP.(20March2012)."NationalSecurityAgencyPressedtoRevealDetailsonGoogleDeal".PCWorld.Retrieved2013-07-08. ^Spring,Tom."GoogleDitchesMicrosoft'sWindowsOverSecurityIssues,ReportClaims".PCWorld.Retrieved2013-07-08. ^Subashini,S.;Kavitha,V.(2011-01-01)."Asurveyonsecurityissuesinservicedeliverymodelsofcloudcomputing".JournalofNetworkandComputerApplications.34(1):1–11.doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2010.07.006. ^JustinPot(7December2011)."CodexCloud:UploadYourBooks&ReadThemOnlineAlongWithOtherPeople'sUploads".MakeUseOf.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21October2016.Retrieved12December2012. ^NancyMessieh(18October2011)."Publishersbeware:IsCodexCloudtheGroovesharkforebooks?".NextWeb. ^Jones,Hadley(16January2014)."WhenOnlineFileStorageGetsLegal:RegulatoryCompliance".CloudWedge.Retrieved2014-01-16. vteCloudcomputingAsaservice 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