Man (word) - Wikipedia

The term man and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race ... Look up Man or man in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Man(word) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Englishword Thisarticleisabouttheword"man".Foradultmales,seeMan.Forotheruses,seeMan(disambiguation). Thisarticlecontainsruniccharacters.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseequestionmarks,boxes,orothersymbolsinsteadofrunes. Thetermman(fromProto-Germanic*mann-"person")andwordsderivedfromitcandesignateanyorevenallofthehumanraceregardlessoftheirsexorage.Intraditionalusage,man(withoutanarticle)itselfreferstothespeciesortohumanity(mankind)asawhole. TheGermanicworddevelopedintoOldEnglishmann.InOldEnglish,thewordstillprimarilymeant"person"or"human,"andwasusedformen,women,andchildrenalike.[1][2]Thesense"adultmale"wasveryrare,atleastinthewrittenlanguage.Thatmeaningisnotrecordedatalluntilabouttheyear1000,overahundredyearsafterthewritingsofAlfredtheGreatandperhapsnearlythreecenturiesafterBeowulf.[3]Maleandfemalegenderqualifierswereusedwithmannincompoundwords. AdoptingthetermforhumansingeneraltorefertomenisacommondevelopmentofRomanceandGermaniclanguages,butisnotfoundinmostotherEuropeanlanguages(Slavicčelověkъvs.mǫžь,Greekἄνθρωποςvs.άνδρας,Finnishihminenvs.miesetc.). Contents 1Etymology 2Modernusage 3Seealso 4References Etymology[edit] Accordingtooneetymology,Proto-Germanic*man-n-isderivedfromaProto-Indo-Europeanroot*man-,*mon-or*men-(seeSanskrit/Avestanmanu-,Slavicmǫž"man,male").[4]TheSlavicforms(Russianmuzh"man,male"etc.)arederivedfromasuffixedstem*man-gyo-.[citationneeded] InHindumythology,Manuisthenameofthetraditionalprogenitorofhumankindwhosurvivesadelugeandgivesmankindlaws.ThehypotheticallyreconstructedProto-Indo-Europeanform*ManusmayalsohaveplayedaroleinProto-Indo-Europeanreligionbasedonthis,ifthereisanyconnectionwiththefigureofMannus—reportedbytheRomanhistorianTacitusinca.AD70tobethenameofatraditionalancestoroftheGermanicpeoplesandsonofTuisto;modernsourcesotherthanTacitushavereinterpretedthisas"firstman".[5] InOldEnglishthewordswerandwīfwereusedtoreferto"amale"and"afemale"respectively,whilemannhadtheprimarymeaningof"person"or"human"regardlessofgender.Bothwerandwyfmaybeusedtoqualify"man";forexample: Godgesceopðaætfrumantwegenmen,werandwif(thenatthebeginning,Godcreatedtwohumanbeings,manandwoman)[6] Thesetermsarealsousedtoqualifycompounds;wifmann(variantwimman)developedintothemodernword"woman".Wæpnedalsomeant"male",andwasusedtoqualify"man":wæpnedmann(variantwepman,"maleperson").Thesetermswerenotrestrictedtoadults;OldEnglishalsousedwæpnedcildandwifcild,literally"male-child"and"female-child".[7][8]TheOldEnglishwermaysurvivetodayinthecompound"werewolf"(fromOldEnglishwerwulf,literally"man-wolf").[9]Seewer. Someetymologiestreattherootasanindependentone,asdoestheAmericanHeritageDictionary.OftheetymologiesthatdomakeconnectionswithotherIndo-Europeanroots,man"thethinker"isthemosttraditional—thatis,thewordisconnectedwiththeroot*men-"tothink"(cognatetomind).Thisetymologyreliesonhumansdescribingthemselvesas"thosewhothink"(seeHumanself-reflection).Thisetymology,however,isnotgenerallyaccepted.AsecondpotentialetymologyconnectswithLatinmanus("hand"),whichhasthesameformasSanskritmanus.[10] Anotheretymologypostulatesthereductionoftheancestorof"human"totheancestorof"man".Humanisfrom*dhghem-,"earth",thusimplying*(dh)ghom-on-wouldbean"earthdweller".Thelatterword,whenreducedtojustitsfinalsyllable,wouldbemerely*m-on-[citationneeded].ThisistheviewofEricPartridge,Origins,underman.SuchaderivationmightbecredibleifonlytheGermanicformwasknown,buttheattestedIndo-Iranianmanuvirtuallyexcludesthepossibility.Moreover,*(dh)ghom-on-isknowntohavesurvivedinOldEnglishnotasmannbutasguma,theancestorofthesecondelementoftheModernEnglishwordbridegroom.[11]However,theremayhavebeenasinglelexemewhoseparadigmeventuallysplitintotwodistinctlexemesinProto-Germanic.Moreover,accordingtoBrugmann'slaw,Sanskritmánu,withitsshorta,impliesaPIEreconstruction*menu-ratherthan*monu-,whichwouldleadtoanexpectedbutnotattestedcognate**minn-inProto-Germanic.[12] Inthelatetwentiethcentury,thegenericmeaningof"man"declined(butisalsocontinuedincompounds"mankind","everyman","no-man",etc.).[13]ThesamethinghashappenedtotheLatinwordhomo:inmostoftheRomancelanguages,homme,uomo,hombre,homemhavecometorefermainlytomales,witharesidualgenericmeaning.TheexceptionisRomanian,whereomreferstoa'human',vs.bărbat(male). TheinflectedformsofOldEnglishmannare:[14] sg. pl. nom. mann menn acc. mann menn gen. mannes manna dat. menn mannum TheinflectedformsofOldHighGermanwordforman(withouti-mutation)are:[15] sg. pl. nom. man man acc. manann,alsoman man gen. mannes mannô dat. manne,alsoman mannum,mannun,mannom,mannen TheinflectedformsoftheOldNorsewordforman,maðr,are:[16] sg. pl. nom. maðr menn acc. mann menn gen. manns manna dat. manni mǫnnum Modernusage[edit] Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Man" word – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(April2014)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Theword"man"isstillusedinitsgenericmeaninginliteraryEnglish. Theverbtoman(i.e."tofurnish[afortressoraship]withacompanyofmen")datestoearlyMiddleEnglish. Thewordhasbeenappliedgenerallyasasuffixinmoderncombinationslike"fireman","policeman"and"mailman".Withsocialchangesinthelater20thcentury,newgender-neutraltermswerecoined,suchas"firefighter","policeofficer"and"mailcarrier",toredressthegender-specificconnotationsofoccupationalnames.Feministsarguedthattheconfusionofmanashumanandmanasmalewerelinguisticsymptomsofmale-centricdefinitionsofhumanity.[17] InUSAmericanslang,man!alsocametobeusedasaninterjection,notnecessarilyaddressingthelistenerbutsimplyaddedforemphasis,muchlikeboy! Also,inAmericanEnglish,theexpression"TheMan",referringto"theoppressivepowersthatbe",originatedintheSouthernUnitedStatesinthe20thcentury,andbecamewidespreadintheurbanunderworldfromthe1950s. Useofman-asaprefixandincompositionusuallydenotesthegenericmeaningof"human",asinmankind,man-eating,man-made,etc.Insomeinstances,whenmodifyinggender-neutralnouns,theprefixmayalsodenotemasculinegender,asinmanservant(17thcentury).Inthecontextoftheculturewarofthe2000sto2010s,manwasintroducedasaderogatoryprefixinfeministjargoninsomeinstances,[18]inneologismssuchasmansplaining(2008)manspreading(2014),etc. Seealso[edit] LookupMan ormaninWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Were Namesforthehumanspecies Lastman GenderneutralityinEnglish References[edit] ^Rauer,Christine(January2017)."MannandGenderinOldEnglishProse:APilotStudy".Neophilologus.101(1):139–158.doi:10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1.hdl:10023/8978.S2CID 55817181. ^OnlineEtymologyDictionarys.v."man"Retrieved4December2020. ^OxfordEnglishDictionarys.v."man".Retrieved4December2020. ^AmericanHeritageDictionary,AppendixI:Indo-EuropeanRoots.man-1Archived2006-05-19attheWaybackMachine.Accessed2007-07-22. ^AnnihilatingDifference:TheAnthropologyofGenocide,p.12,AlexanderLabanHinton,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2002 ^Rauer,Christine(January2017)."MannandGenderinOldEnglishProse:APilotStudy"(PDF).Neophilologus.101(1):139–158.doi:10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1.hdl:10023/8978.S2CID 55817181.,translationfromthisCC-BY4.0source ^JohnRichardClarkHall(1916).AConciseAnglo−SaxonDictionary(PDF)(2 ed.).CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS.p. 788.Retrieved5September2021. ^Huisman,Rosemary(Jan2008)."NarrativesociotemporalityandcomplementarygenderrolesinAnglo-Saxonsociety:therelevanceofwifmannandwæpnedmanntoaplotsummaryoftheOldEnglishpoemBeowulf".OurnaloftheAustralianEarlyMedievalAssociation.4.(weaksource,butsupportsonlythespellingvariantsgivenforclarity) ^(fullorcondensed,notconcise)OxfordEnglishDictionary ^GeorgeHempl,"Etymologies",TheAmericanJournalofPhilology,Vol.22,No.4(1901),pp.426-431,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress[1] ^OnlineEtymologyDictionarys.v.bridegroom.Retrieved2011-12-01. ^Kroonen,Guus(2013).EtymologicalDictionaryofProto-Germanic.Leiden,NL:Brill.pp. 353f.ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7. ^"man,n.1(andint.)."OEDOnline.OxfordUniversityPress,September2015.Web.13November2015. ^BruceMitchellandFredC.Robinson,AGuidetoOldEnglish,6thedp.29. ^KarlAugustHahn,AlthochdeutscheGrammatik,p.37. ^OldNorseLessonSevenbyÓskarGuðlaugssonandHaukurÞorgeirsson ^DaleSpender,1980.Man-MadeLanguage. ^Clark,Imogen,andAndreaGrant."Sexualityanddangerinthefield:startinganuncomfortableConversation."JASO:SpecialIssueonSexualHarassmentintheField(2015):1-14. 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